How does chronic stress affect cortisol levels?

Chronic stress has a significant impact on cortisol levels, primarily leading to prolonged high levels of cortisol in the system. When an individual experiences ongoing stress, the body responds by activating the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis, which triggers the release of cortisol from the adrenal glands. This is part of the body’s natural "fight-or-flight" response designed to help manage and respond to stress.

In situations of chronic stress—where the stressors do not subside—this activation of the HPA axis can become dysregulated. As a result, cortisol levels remain elevated for an extended period. Persistent high cortisol can lead to various health issues, including weight gain, insulin resistance, hypertension, mood disorders, and even immune suppression.

The understanding of how chronic stress affects cortisol levels is essential in recognizing the importance of stress management and the potential physiological consequences of unresolved stress.